UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

Form 10-Q

 

 

Commission File Number: 000-51863

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

 

(240) 599-4500

 

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

 

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes o     No o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o     No þ

 

As of August 6, 2009, there were 27,198,409 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

 

 

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

Form 10-Q Index

 

For the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2009

 

 

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

 

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

 

 

Business organization

 

Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Vanda or the Company) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of clinical stage products, with exclusive worldwide commercial rights to two products in clinical development for various central nervous system disorders. Vanda commenced its operations in 2003. The Company’s lead product, iloperidone, which the Company intends to market under the tradename Fanapt^tm, is a compound for the treatment of schizophrenia. On May 6, 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted U.S. marketing approval of Fanapt^tm for the acute treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Holders of a New Drug Application (NDA) have 60 days after approval to file for patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Act. Vanda submitted its application for patent term restoration with respect to Fanapt^tm on June 9, 2009. Vanda expects to make Fanapt^tm available in U.S. pharmacies later this year. Tasimelteon is a compound for the treatment of sleep and mood disorders. In November 2006, Vanda announced positive top-line results from the Phase III trial of tasimelteon in transient insomnia. In June 2008, the Company announced positive top-line results from the Phase III trial of tasimelteon in chronic primary insomnia. The Company believes that tasimelteon may be effective in the treatment of insomnia caused by jet lag. The Company met with the FDA in June 2009 in an end of Phase II meeting to discuss the clinical development plan and will continue to work with the FDA to characterize the path to an NDA for tasimelteon. Tasimelteon is also ready for Phase II trials for the treatment of depression.

 

Capital resources

 

Since its inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to business planning, research and development, market research, recruiting management and technical staff, acquiring operating assets and raising capital. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in the development stage as defined in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 7, Accounting and Reporting by Development Stage Enterprises.

 

The Company’s activities will necessitate significant uses of working capital throughout 2009 and beyond. Based on its current operating plans, the Company believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to meet the Company’s anticipated operating needs through 2009. However, given the recent approval by the FDA of the Company’s NDA for Fanapt^tm, the Company is currently evaluating alternative commercial strategies for the product. These strategies include, in addition to the Company launching Fanapt^tm on its own, entering into one or more partnerships, other collaboration agreements or strategic transactions that may provide capital to support the Company’s operations. If, however, the Company needs to raise additional funds in order to execute on its operating plans, it may seek to sell debt securities or additional equity securities or obtain a bank credit facility. The sale of additional equity or debt securities, if convertible, could result in dilution to the Company’s stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also result in covenants that would restrict the Company’s operations. However, given the current global economic climate, the Company may have more difficulty raising funds than it would during a period of economic stability, and the Company may not be able to raise additional funds or enter into partnerships, other collaboration agreements or strategic transactions on acceptable terms, or at all. If the Company is unable to secure sufficient capital to fund its commercial and research and development activities, or attract a strategic partner, it may not be able to continue operations.

 

Basis of presentation

 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The consolidated financial statements include

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned Singapore subsidiary that ceased operations during 2007. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.

 

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Vanda have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2008 included in the Company’s annual report on the Form 10-K/A. The financial information as of June 30, 2009 and for the periods of the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008 and for the period from March 13, 2003 (inception) to June 30, 2009, is unaudited, but in the opinion of management all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair statement of the results of these interim periods have been included. The condensed consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2008 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

 

The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year. The financial information included herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes in the Company’s annual report incorporated by reference in the Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2008.

 

 

Use of estimates

 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 

Cash and cash equivalents

 

For purposes of the condensed consolidated balance sheets and condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, cash equivalents represent highly-liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase.

 

Marketable securities

 

The Company classifies all of its marketable securities as available-for-sale securities. The Company’s investment policy requires the selection of high-quality issuers, with bond ratings of AAA to A1+/P1. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair market value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of stockholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss. Interest and dividend income is recorded when earned and included in interest income. Premiums and discounts on marketable securities are amortized and accreted, respectively, to maturity and included in interest income. The Company uses the specific identification method in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of investments, which would be included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations when generated.

 

Inventory

 

The Company values inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company analyzes its inventory levels quarterly and writes down inventory that has become obsolete, or has a cost basis in excess of

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

its expected net realizable value and inventory quantities in excess of expected requirements. Expired inventory is disposed of and the related costs are written off to cost of sales. Prior to FDA approval, all Fanapt^tm manufacturing-related costs were included in research and development expenses. Subsequent to FDA approval of Fanapt^tm, manufacturing costs related to this product are capitalized.

 

Intangible asset, net

 

Costs incurred for products or product candidates not yet approved by the FDA and for which no alternative future use exists are recorded as expense. In the event a product or product candidate has been approved by the FDA or an alternative future use exists for a product or product candidate, patent and license costs are capitalized and amortized over the expected patent life of the related product or product candidate. Milestone payments to the Company’s collaborators are recognized when the underlying requirement is met.

 

As a result of the FDA’s approval of the Company’s NDA for Fanapt^tm, the Company met a milestone under its license agreement with Novartis which required the Company to make a license payment of $12 million to Novartis. The $12 million is being amortized on a straight line basis over the remaining life of the patent for Fanapt^tm, which the Company expects to last until May 15, 2017. This includes the Hatch-Waxman extension that provides patent protection for drug compounds for a period of up to five years to compensate for time spent in development and a six-month pediatric term extension. This term is our best estimate of the life of the patent, if however the Hatch-Waxman or pediatric extensions are not granted, the intangible asset will be amortized over a shorter period. Amortization of the intangible asset is recorded as a component of cost of goods sold.

 

The carrying values of intangible assets are periodically reviewed to determine if the facts and circumstances suggest that a potential impairment may have occurred. The Company had no impairments of its intangible assets for the six months ended June 30, 2009.

 

Concentrations of credit risk

 

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company places its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities with what the Company believes to be highly-rated financial institutions. At June 30, 2009, the Company maintained all of its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in three financial institutions. Deposits held with these institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. Generally, these deposits may be redeemed upon demand, and the Company believes there is minimal risk of losses on such balances.

 

Employee stock-based compensation

 

The Company accounts for the stock-based compensation expenses in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) revised SFAS No. 123, Share-Based Payment (SFAS 123(R)) adopted on January 1, 2006. Accordingly, compensation costs for all stock-based awards to employees and directors are measured based on the grant date fair value of those awards and recognized over the period during which the employee or director is required to perform service in exchange for the award. The Company generally recognizes the expense over the award’s vesting period.

 

For stock awards subsequent to 2006, the fair value of these awards are amortized using the accelerated attribution method. For stock awards granted prior to January 1, 2006, expenses are amortized under the accelerated attribution method for options that were modified after the original grant date and under the straight-line attribution method for all other options. As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

estimated forfeitures. SFAS 123(R) requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Pre-vesting forfeitures on the options granted during 2008, 2007 and 2006, were estimated to be approximately 2% and was increased to 4% in 2009 based on the Company’s historical experience. In the pro forma information required under SFAS 123 for the periods prior to January 1, 2006, the Company accounted for forfeitures as they occurred. The cumulative effect adjustment of adopting the change in estimating forfeitures was not considered material to the Company’s financial statements for periods prior to January 1, 2006 upon implementation of SFAS 123(R).

 

Total employee stock-based compensation expense recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008 and the period from March 13, 2003 (inception) to June 30, 2009 was comprised of the following:

 

 

As of June 30, 2009, approximately $11.3 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested awards are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.41 years.

 

As of June 30, 2009, the Company had two equity incentive plans, the Second Amended and Restated Management Equity Plan (the 2004 Plan) and the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2006 Plan) that were adopted in December 2004 and April 2006, respectively. An aggregate of 1,034,271 shares were subject to outstanding options granted under the 2004 Plan as of June 30, 2009, and no additional options will be granted under this plan. As of June 30, 2009 there are 4,105,194 shares of the Company’s common stock reserved under the 2006 Plan of which 3,345,249 shares were subject to outstanding options and restricted stock units issued to employees and non-employees.

 

Options are subject to terms and conditions established by the compensation committee of the board of directors. None of the stock-based awards are classified as a liability as of June 30, 2009. Option awards have 10-year contractual terms and all options granted prior to December 31, 2006, options granted to new employees, and certain options granted to existing employees vest and become exercisable on the first anniversary of the grant date with respect to 25% of the shares subject to the option awards. The remaining 75% of the shares subject to the option awards vest and become exercisable monthly in equal installments thereafter over three years. Certain option awards granted to existing employees after December 31, 2006 vest and become exercisable monthly in equal installments over four years. The initial stock options granted to directors upon their election vest and become exercisable in equal monthly installments over a period of four years, while the subsequent annual stock option grants to directors vest and become exercisable in equal monthly installments over a period of one year. Certain option awards to executives and directors provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control of the Company. Certain option awards to employees and

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

executives provide for accelerated vesting if the respective employee’s or executive’s service is terminated by the Company for any reason other than cause or permanent disability.

 

The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. Expected volatility rates are based on historical volatility of the common stock of comparable entities and other factors due to the lack of historic information of the Company’s publicly traded common stock. The expected term of options granted is based on the transition approach provided by Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 107 as the options meet the “plain vanilla” criteria required by this guidance. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. The Company has not paid dividends to its stockholders since its inception and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

Assumptions used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for employee and director stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008 were as follows:

 

 

A summary of option activity for the 2004 Plan is presented below:

 

 

A summary of option activity for the 2006 Plan is presented below:

 

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2009 was $7.94 per share. For the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008, the Company received a total of $882,843 and $0, respectively, in cash from options exercised under the stock-based arrangements.

 

Restricted stock is a stock award that entitles the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock as the award vests. The Company issued restricted stock to one employee in 2007 and restricted stock units (RSUs) to all employees who remained with the Company following the workforce reduction in December 2008 and key consultants retained by the Company. The Company also issued RSUs to one consultant in the second quarter of 2009. The restricted stock issued in 2007 vested annually with respect to 25% of the shares each year after the grant. For the RSUs issued in 2008 to the retained employees, 50% of such shares vested upon approval by the FDA of the NDA for Fanapt^tm, and 50% of such shares vest on December 31, 2009. Pursuant to the FDA approval, the Company recognized $163,000 in expense relating to the RSU’s granted to all employees. For the RSUs issued to the consultant in the second quarter of 2009, 100% of the shares vest on August 31, 2009, provided that the consultant has continually provided services to the Company through such date. Upon a change of control of the Company, 100% of the unvested restricted stock units will vest. The fair value of each restricted stock award was based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant which equals the RSUs intrinsic value. As of June 30, 2009, there was approximately $194,755 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock awards granted under the Company’s stock incentive plans. The majority of the cost is expected to be recognized through December 2009.

 

A summary of restricted stock activity for the 2006 Plan is presented below:

 

 

Accrued expenses

 

Management is required to estimate accrued expenses as part of the process of preparing financial statements. The estimation of accrued expenses involves identifying services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf, and then estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for such services as of each balance sheet date in the financial statements. Accrued expenses include professional service fees, such as lawyers and accountants, contract service fees, such as those under contracts with clinical monitors, data management organizations and investigators in conjunction with clinical trials, fees to contract manufacturers in conjunction with the production of clinical materials, fees for marketing and other commercialization activities, and severance related costs due to the Company’s workforce reduction which occurred in the fourth quarter of 2008. Pursuant to management’s assessment of the services that have been performed on clinical trials and other contracts, the Company recognizes these expenses as the services are provided. Such management assessments include, but are not limited to: (1) an evaluation by the project manager of the work that has been completed during the period, (2) measurement of progress prepared internally and/or provided by the third-party service provider, (3) analyses of data that justify the progress, and (4) management’s judgment.

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

Research and development expenses

 

The Company’s research and development expenses consist primarily of fees for services provided by third parties in connection with the clinical trials, costs of contract manufacturing services, milestone license fees, costs of materials used in clinical trials and research and development, cost for regulatory consultants and filings, depreciation of capital resources used to develop products, related facilities costs, and salaries, other employee related costs and stock-based compensation for the research and development personnel. The Company expenses research and development costs as they are incurred for compounds in development stage, including certain payments made under the license agreements. Prior to FDA approval, all Fanapt^tm manufacturing-related and milestone costs were included in research and development expenses. Post FDA approval of Fanapt^tm, manufacturing and milestone costs related to this product will be capitalized. Costs related to the acquisitions of intellectual property have been expensed as incurred since the underlying technology associated with these acquisitions were made in connection with the Company’s research and development efforts and have no alternative future use. Milestone payments are accrued in accordance with SFAS No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies, when it is deemed probable that the milestone event will be achieved.

 

General and administrative expenses

 

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, other employee related costs and stock-based compensation for personnel serving executive, business development, marketing, finance, accounting, information technology and human resource functions, facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, insurance costs and professional fees for legal, accounting and other professional services. General and administrative expenses also include third party expenses incurred to support business development, marketing and other business activities related to Fanapt^tm.

 

Income taxes

 

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method in accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes (SFAS 109), which requires companies to account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, current income tax expense or benefit is the amount of income taxes expected to be payable or refundable for the current year. A deferred income tax asset or liability is recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and tax credits and loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Tax rate changes are reflected in income during the period such changes are enacted. Changes in ownership will limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized in the future to offset taxable income.

 

Segment information

 

Management has determined that the Company operates in one business segment which is the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products.

 

Recent accounting pronouncements

 

In May 2009, the FASB issued Statement No. 165, “Subsequent Events” (SFAS 165). SFAS 165 establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. Corporate financial statements are considered issued when they are widely distributed to shareholders and other financial statement users for “general use and reliance” in a form and format that complies with GAAP. Financial statements are considered

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

available to be issued when they are in a form and format that complies with GAAP. SFAS 165 provides that companies should recognize in the financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements. The Company has implemented this new standard with no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

 

In June 2009, the FASB issued Statement No. 168, “The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” (SFAS 168). SFAS 168 identifies the source of accounting principles and the framework for selecting the principles used in the preparation of financial statements. SFAS 168 is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. The Company will update its financial statement disclosures as appropriate upon adoption of this standard in the third quarter of 2009.

 

 

Net loss attributable to common stockholders per share is calculated in accordance with SFAS No. 128, Earnings per Share and SAB No. 98. Basic earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing the net income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, reduced by the weighted average unvested shares of common stock subject to repurchase.

 

Diluted EPS is computed by dividing the net income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of other potential common stock outstanding for the period. Other potential common stock includes stock options, warrants and restricted stock units, but only to the extent that their inclusion is dilutive. The Company incurred a net loss in all periods presented, causing inclusion of any potentially dilutive securities to have an anti-dilutive affect, resulting in dilutive loss per share attributable to common stockholders and basic loss per share attributable to common stockholders being equivalent. The Company did not have any common shares issued for nominal consideration as defined under the terms of SAB No. 98, which would be included in EPS calculations.

 

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

 

 

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of June 30, 2009:

 

 

The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities as of December 31, 2008:

 

 

 

The following is a summary of the Company’s prepaid expenses, deposits and other current assets, as of June 30, 2009, and December 31, 2008:

 

 

 

Inventory, net consisted of the following:

 

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

 

 

The following is a summary of the Company’s property and equipment — at cost, as of June 30, 2009 and December 31, 2008:

 

 

Depreciation and amortization expense for the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008 were $239,669 and $259,707, respectively, and for the period from March 13, 2003 (inception) to June 30, 2009 was $2,739,331.

 

 

The intangible asset consists of the following:

 

 

On May 6, 2009, the Company announced that the FDA had approved the NDA for Fanapt^tm. As a result of the FDA’s approval of the Company’s NDA for Fanapt^tm, it met a milestone under its license agreement with Novartis which required the Company to make a license payment of $12 million to Novartis. The Company expects the patent for Fanapt^tm to last until May 15, 2017. This includes the Hatch-Waxman extension that provides patent protection for drug compounds for a period of up to five years to compensate for time spent in development and a six-month pediatric term extension. This term is our best estimate of the life of the patent, if however the Hatch-Waxman or pediatric extensions are not granted, the intangible asset will be amortized over a shorter period.

 

Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful economic life using the straight line method. Amortization expense was $229,352 for the six months ended June 30, 2009. The estimated annual amortization expense for intangible assets is approximately $0.8 million in 2009, $1.5 million in 2010, $1.5 million in 2011, $1.5 million in 2012 and $6.5 from 2013 through 2017. The Company capitalized and began amortizing the asset immediately following the FDA approval of the NDA for Fanapt^tm.

 

Of the $12 million milestone payment, $7 million was paid in May 2009 and the remaining $5 million is due in November 2009; however, Novartis has the right to accelerate the due date in its sole discretion.

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

 

 

The following is a summary of accrued liabilities, as of June 30, 2009, and December 31, 2008:

 

 

 

Operating leases

 

The Company has commitments totaling approximately $5.3 million under operating real estate leases for its headquarters located in Rockville, Maryland, expiring in 2016.

 

Severance payments

 

On December 16, 2008, the Company committed to a plan of termination that resulted in a work force reduction of 17 employees, including two officers, in order to reduce operating costs. The Company commenced notification of employees affected by the workforce reduction on December 17, 2008.

 

The following table summarizes the activity in the six months ended June 30, 2009 for the liability for the cash portion of severance costs related to the reductions-in-force:

 

 

Consulting fees

 

The Company engaged a regulatory consultant to assist in the Company’s efforts to obtain FDA approval of the Fanapt^tm NDA. The Company committed to initial consulting expenses in the aggregate amount of $2.0 million pursuant to this engagement, which was expensed in 2008. In addition, the Company retained the services of the consultant on a monthly basis at a retainer fee of $250,000 per month effective as of January 1, 2009. The Company is obligated to pay the consultant a success fee of $6.0 million as a result of the approval by the FDA of its NDA for Fanapt^tm, which amount will be offset by the aggregate amount of all monthly retainer fees previously paid to the consultant (Success Fee). The Success Fee is to be paid monthly in $1.0 million increments through October 1, 2009. Through June 30, 2009, the Company has paid $2.0 million to the consultant. In addition to these fees, the Company is obligated to reimburse the consultant for its ordinary and necessary business expenses incurred in connection with its engagement.

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

Guarantees and indemnifications

 

The Company has entered into a number of standard intellectual property indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of its business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holds harmless, and agrees to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company’s business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company’s products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual from the date of execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited. Since inception, the Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. The Company also indemnifies its officers and directors for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits. The Company believes that the fair value of the indemnification agreements is minimal, and accordingly the Company has not recognized any liabilities relating to these agreements as of June 30, 2009.

 

License agreements

 

The Company’s rights to develop and commercialize its products are subject to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to the Company by other pharmaceutical companies.

 

Fanapt^tm.  The Company acquired exclusive worldwide rights to patents for Fanapt^tm, previously known as iloperidone, through a sublicense agreement with Novartis. A predecessor company of sanofi-aventis, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. (HMRI), discovered iloperidone and completed early clinical work on the compound. In 1996, following a review of its product portfolio, HMRI licensed its rights to the iloperidone patents to Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Titan) on an exclusive basis. In 1997, soon after it had acquired its rights, Titan sublicensed its rights to iloperidone on an exclusive basis to Novartis. In June 2004, the Company acquired exclusive worldwide rights to these patents to develop and commercialize iloperidone through a sublicense agreement with Novartis. In partial consideration for this sublicense, the Company paid Novartis an initial license fee of $500,000 and is obligated to make future milestone payments to Novartis of less than $100 million in the aggregate (the majority of which are tied to sales milestones), as well as royalty payments to Novartis at a rate which, as a percentage of net sales, is in the mid-twenties. In November 2007, the Company met a milestone under this license agreement relating to the acceptance of its filing of the NDA for Fanapt^tm for the treatment of schizophrenia and made a license payment of $5 million to Novartis. As a result of the FDA’s approval of the Company’s NDA for Fanapt^tm, it met an additional milestone under this license agreement which requires the Company to make a license payment of $12 million to Novartis. Of the $12 million milestone payment, $7 million was paid in May 2009 and the remaining $5 million is due in November 2009; however, Novartis has the right to accelerate the due date in its sole discretion.

 

The rights with respect to the patents to develop and commercialize Fanapt^tm may terminate, in whole or in part, if the Company fails to meet certain development or commercialization milestones relating to the time it takes for the Company to launch Fanapt^tm commercially following regulatory approval, and the time it takes for the Company to receive regulatory approval following the submission of an NDA or equivalent foreign filing. Additionally, the Company’s rights may terminate in whole or in part if the Company does not meet certain other obligations under the sublicense agreement to make royalty and milestone payments, if the Company fails to comply with requirements in the sublicense agreement regarding its financial condition, or if the Company does not abide by certain restrictions in the sublicense agreement regarding other development activities.

 

Tasimelteon.  In February 2004, the Company entered into a license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) under which the Company received an exclusive worldwide license under certain patents and patent applications, and other licenses to intellectual property, to develop and commercialize tasimelteon. In partial consideration for the license, the Company paid BMS an initial license fee of $500,000 and is obligated to make

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

future milestone payments to BMS of less than $40 million in the aggregate (the majority of which are tied to sales milestones) as well as royalty payments based on the net sales of tasimelteon at a rate which, as a percentage of net sales, is in the low teens. The Company made a milestone payment to BMS of $1 million under this license agreement in 2006 relating to the initiation of the Phase III clinical trial for tasimelteon. The Company is also obligated under this agreement to pay BMS a percentage of any sublicense fees, upfront payments and milestone and other payments (excluding royalties) that the Company receives from a third party in connection with any sublicensing arrangement, at a rate which is in the mid-twenties. The Company has agreed with BMS in the license agreement for tasimelteon to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize tasimelteon and to meet certain milestones in initiating and completing certain clinical work.

 

BMS holds certain rights with respect to tasimelteon in the license agreement. If the Company has not agreed to one or more partnering arrangements to develop and commercialize tasimelteon in certain significant markets with one or more third parties after the completion of the Phase III program, BMS has the option to exclusively develop and commercialize tasimelteon on its own on pre-determined financial terms, including milestone and royalty payments.

 

Either party may terminate the tasimelteon license agreement under certain circumstances, including a material breach of the agreement by the other. In the event that BMS has not exercised its option to reacquire the rights to tasimelteon and the Company terminates the license, or if BMS terminates the license due to the Company’s breach, all rights licensed and developed by the Company under this agreement will revert or otherwise be licensed back to BMS on an exclusive basis.

 

Future license payments.  No amounts were recorded as liabilities other than the $5 million milestone payment due to Novartis with respect to the FDA approval of Fanapt^tm, nor were any contractual obligations relating to the license agreements included in the condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2009, since the amounts, timing and likelihood of these future payments are unknown and will depend on the successful outcome of future clinical trials, regulatory filings, favorable FDA regulatory approvals, growth in product sales and other factors.

 

Research and development and marketing agreements

 

In course of its business the Company regularly enters into agreements with clinical organizations to provide services relating to clinical development and clinical manufacturing activities under fee service arrangements. The Company’s current agreements for clinical services may be terminated on no more than 60 days notice without incurring additional charges, other than charges for work completed but not paid for through the effective date of termination and other costs incurred by the Company’s contractors in closing out work in progress as of the effective date of termination.

 

 

On January 1, 2007, the Company adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation (FIN) No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes. The adoption of FIN No. 48 did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. In addition, there are no uncertain tax positions whose resolution in the next twelve months is expected to materially affect operating results. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred income taxes are recognized by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance for any tax benefits for which future realization is uncertain.

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

The Company has not recorded any tax provision or benefit for the six months ended June 30, 2009 or 2008. The Company has provided a valuation allowance for the full amount of its net deferred tax assets since realization of any future benefit from deductible temporary differences and net operating loss cannot be sufficiently assured at June 30, 2009 and December 31, 2008.

 

Under the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the amounts of and benefits from the operating loss carryforwards may be impaired in certain circumstances. Events which cause limitations in the amount of net operating losses that the Company may utilize in any one year include, but are not limited to, a cumulative ownership change of more than 50%, as defined, over a three year period. Trading in shares of the Company’s common stock has resulted in “ownership changes” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code). As a result, the Company’s net operating loss carry forwards totaling $123.7 million at December 31, 2008 are subject to an annual limitation pursuant to the provisions of Section 382 of the Code, which the Company estimates to be significant.

 

 

In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (SFAS 157). SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. In February 2008, the FASB agreed to delay the effective date of SFAS 157 for all nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, to fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. The Company has adopted the provisions of SFAS 157 as of January 1, 2008, for financial instruments. Although the adoption of SFAS 157 did not materially impact its financial condition, results of operations, or cash flow, the Company is now required to provide additional disclosures as part of its financial statements.

 

SFAS 157 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include:

 

 

As of June 30, 2009, the Company held certain assets that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company makes use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. The Company currently does not have non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The following is a summary of the Company’s assets that are required to be measured at fair value as of June 30, 2009:

 

 

VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
(A Development Stage Enterprise)

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) — (Continued)

 

The following is a summary of the Company’s assets that are required to be measured at fair value as of December 31, 2008:

 

 

 

The Company has performed an evaluation of subsequent events through August 10, 2009, which is the date the financial statements were issued.

 

Various statements in this report are “forward-looking statements” under the securities laws. Words such as, but not limited to, “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “targets,” “likely,” “will,” “would,” and “could,” and similar expressions or words, identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks, changes in circumstances, assumptions and uncertainties. Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. (We, Vanda or the Company) is at an early stage of development and may not ever have any products that generate significant revenue. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in our forward-looking statements include, among others:

 

 

All written and verbal forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. We caution investors not to rely too heavily on the forward-looking statements we make or that are made on our behalf. We undertake no obligation, and specifically decline any obligation, to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

 

We encourage you to read the discussion and analysis of our financial condition and our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. We also encourage you to read Item 1A of Part II of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, entitled “Risk Factors”, which contains a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business. In addition to the risks described above and in Item 1A of Part II of this report, other unknown or unpredictable factors also could affect our results. There can be no assurance that the actual results or developments anticipated by us will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will have the expected consequences to, or effects on, us. Therefore, no assurance can be given that the outcomes stated in such forward-looking statements and estimates will be achieved.

 

Overview

 

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of clinical-stage products for central nervous system disorders, with exclusive worldwide commercial rights to two products. We believe that each of our products will address a large market with significant unmet medical needs by offering advantages over currently available therapies. Our product portfolio includes:

 

 

 

We are a development stage enterprise and have accumulated net losses of approximately $243.9 million since the inception of our operations through June 30, 2009. We have no product revenues to date and, other than Fanapt^tm in the United States, have no products approved for sale. Since we began our operations in March 2003, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to the in-licensing and clinical development of our products. Our future operating results will depend largely on our ability to successfully develop and commercialize our lead product, Fanapt^tm, and on the progress of other products currently in our research and development pipeline. The results of our operations will vary significantly from year-to-year and quarter-to-quarter and depend on a number of factors, including risks related to our business, risks related to our industry, and other risks which are detailed in Item 1A of Part II of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, entitled “Risk Factors”.

 

Our activities will necessitate significant uses of working capital throughout 2009 and beyond. Based on our current operating plans, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating needs through 2009. However, given the recent approval by the FDA of our NDA for Fanapt^tm, we are currently evaluating alternative commercial strategies for the product. These strategies include, in addition to launching Fanapt^tm on our own, entering into one or more partnerships, other collaboration agreements or strategic transactions that may provide capital to support our operations. If, however, we need to raise additional funds in order to execute on our operating plans, we may seek to sell debt securities or additional equity securities or obtain a bank credit facility. The sale of additional equity or debt securities, if convertible, could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also result in covenants that would restrict our operations. However, given the current global economic climate, we may have more difficulty raising funds than we would during a period of economic stability, and we may not be able to raise additional funds or enter into partnerships, other collaboration agreements or strategic transactions on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to secure sufficient capital to fund our commercial and research and development activities, or attract a strategic partner, we may not be able to continue operations.

 

Fanapt^tm.  We have developed and will continue to develop Fanapt^tm to treat schizophrenia. We submitted an NDA for Fanapt^tm for the treatment of schizophrenia to the FDA on September 27, 2007 and on November 27, 2007, the FDA accepted our NDA. The application included data from 35 clinical trials and more than 3,000 patients treated with Fanapt^tm and also contained pharmacogenetic data aimed to further improve the benefit/risk profile of Fanapt^tm in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. In July 2008, we announced that the FDA had initially determined that our NDA was not approvable and indicated, among other things, that we would have to conduct additional studies and submit that data before the FDA would approve Fanapt^tm for commercial sale for the treatment of schizophrenia. In September 2008, we met with the FDA to discuss the FDA’s determination. The FDA asked us to provide a complete response to the not approvable letter, which we submitted on November 6, 2008 and which was subsequently accepted by the FDA for review.

Pending the FDA’s reply to our complete response, we suspended all non-essential Fanapt^tm-related activities. On May 6, 2009, we announced that the FDA had approved our NDA for Fanapt^tm. We plan to make Fanapt^tm available in pharmacies in the United States prior to the end of 2009. Holders of an NDA have 60 days after approval to file for patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Act. We submitted our application for patent term restoration with respect to Fanapt^tm on June 9, 2009. On July 30, 2009, we signed a Medicaid Rebate Agreement with the Secretary of Health and Human Services relating to the sale of Fanapt^tm to Medicaid patients.

 

From inception to June 30, 2009 we incurred approximately $82.0 million in research and development costs directly attributable to our development of Fanapt^tm, including a $5.0 million milestone license fee paid to Novartis in 2007 upon the acceptance of our NDA. As a result of the FDA’s approval of our NDA for Fanapt^tm, we met an additional milestone under this license agreement which requires us to make a license payment of $12 million to Novartis. The $12 million was capitalized and will be amortized over the remaining life of the patent. Of the $12 million milestone payment, $7 million was paid in May 2009 and the remaining $5 million is due in November 2009; however, Novartis has the right to accelerate the due date in its sole discretion.

 

We are also developing a 4-week injectable formulation for Fanapt^tm, for which we already have early Phase II data from a study previously conducted by Novartis. We have completed essential manufacturing activities and intend to resume the development of the injectable formulation. We believe we will need to conduct additional trials with this formulation to be able to file for FDA approval.

 

Tasimelteon.  Tasimelteon is our product under development to treat sleep and mood disorders. Tasimelteon is a melatonin receptor agonist that works by adjusting the human “body clock” of circadian rhythm. Tasimelteon has successfully completed a Phase III trial for the treatment of transient insomnia in November 2006. In June 2008, we announced positive top-line results from the Phase III trial of tasimelteon in chronic primary insomnia. The trial was a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study with 324 patients. The trial measured time to fall asleep and sleep maintenance, as well as next-day performance. In addition, we believe that tasimelteon may be effective in the treatment of insomnia caused by jet lag. We met with the FDA in June 2009 in an end of Phase II meeting to discuss this potential jet lag indication. We will continue to work with the FDA to characterize the path to an NDA for tasimelteon. Tasimelteon is also ready for Phase II trials for the treatment of depression.

 

From inception to June 30, 2009, we incurred approximately $52.4 million in direct research and development costs directly attributable to our development of tasimelteon, including a $1.0 million milestone license fee paid to BMS in 2006 upon the initiation of our Phase III program.

 

VSF-173.  On November 3, 2008, we received written notice from Novartis that our license agreement with respect to VSF-173 had terminated in accordance with its terms as a result of our failure to satisfy a specific development milestone within the time period specified in the license agreement. As a result, we no longer have any rights with respect to VSF-173 and Novartis has a non-exclusive worldwide license to all information and intellectual property generated by us or on our behalf related to our development of VSF-173. We are currently evaluating any options that we may have with respect to VSF-173, which may include the possibility of entering into a new license agreement or other arrangement with Novartis to allow us to resume our development of VSF-173; however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into such an agreement or arrangement on acceptable terms, or at all.

 

From inception to June 30, 2009, we incurred approximately $6.7 million in research and development costs directly attributable to our development of VSF-173, including a milestone license fee of $1.0 million paid to Novartis upon the initiation of our first Phase II clinical trial in March of 2007.

 

Research and development expenses

 

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of fees paid to third-party professional service providers in connection with the services they provide for our clinical trials, costs of contract manufacturing services, costs of materials used in clinical trials and research and development, costs for regulatory

consultants and filings, depreciation of capital resources used to develop our products, all related facilities costs, and salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expenses related to our research and development personnel. We expense research and development costs as incurred for compounds in development stage, including certain payments made under our license agreements prior to obtaining FDA approval. We believe that significant investment in product development is a competitive necessity and plan to continue these investments in order to realize the potential of our products and pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics expertise. From inception through June 30, 2009 we incurred research and development expenses in the aggregate of approximately $159.1 million, including stock-based compensation expenses of approximately $8.3 million. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we continue to develop our products. We also expect to incur licensing costs in the future that could be substantial, as we continue our efforts to develop our products and to evaluate potential in-license products or compounds.

 

The following table summarizes our product development initiatives for the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008 and for the period from March 13, 2003 (inception) to June 30, 2009. Included in this table are the research and development expenses recognized in connection with our products in clinical development. Included in “Other product candidates” are the costs directly related to research initiatives for all other product candidates.

 

 

 

 

General and administrative expenses

 

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs for personnel, including stock-based compensation, serving executive, finance, accounting, information technology, marketing and human resource functions. Other costs include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses and fees for legal, accounting and other professional services. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in 2009 in connection with the commercial launch of Fanapt^tm. From inception through June 30, 2009, we incurred general and administrative expenses in the aggregate of approximately $95.1 million, including stock-based compensation expenses of approximately $40.9 million.

Critical Accounting Policies

 

The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reported periods. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

Our significant accounting policies are described in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2008 included in our annual report on Form 10-K/A. However, we believe that the following critical accounting policies are important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and we have accordingly included them in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

 

Inventory

 

We value our inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We analyze our inventory levels quarterly and write down inventory that has become obsolete, or has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value and inventory quantities in excess of expected requirements. Expired inventory is disposed of and the related costs are written off to cost of sales. Prior to FDA approval, all Fanapt^tm manufacturing-related costs were included in research and development expenses. Subsequent to FDA approval of Fanapt^tm, manufacturing costs related to this product are capitalized.

 

Intangible asset, net

 

Costs incurred for product candidates not yet approved by the FDA and for which no alternative future use exists are recorded as expense. In the event a product candidate has been approved by the FDA or an alternative future use exists for a product candidate, patent and license costs are capitalized and amortized over the expected patent life of the related product candidate. Milestone payments to our collaborators are recognized when the underlying requirement is met.

 

As a result of the FDA’s approval of our NDA for Fanapt^tm, we met a milestone under our license agreement with Novartis which required us to make a license payment of $12 million to Novartis. Of the $12 million milestone payment, $7 million was paid in May 2009 and the remaining $5 million is due in November 2009; however, Novartis has the right to accelerate the due date in its sole discretion. The $12 million is being amortized on a straight line basis over the remaining life of the patent for Fanapt^tm, which we expect to last until May 15, 2017. This includes the Hatch-Waxman extension that extends patent protection for drug compounds for a period of up to five years to compensate for time spent in development and a six-month pediatric term extension. This term is our best estimate of the life of the patent, if however the Hatch-Waxman or pediatric extensions are not granted, the intangible asset will be amortized over a shorter period. Amortization of the intangible asset is recorded as a component of cost of goods sold.

 

The carrying values of intangible assets are periodically reviewed to determine if the facts and circumstances suggest that a potential impairment may have occurred. We had no impairments of our intangible assets for six months ended June 30, 2009.

 

Accrued expenses

 

As part of the process of preparing financial statements we are required to estimate accrued expenses. The estimation of accrued expenses involves identifying services that have been performed on our behalf, and then estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for such services as of each balance sheet date in the financial statements. Accrued expenses include professional service fees, such as lawyers and accountants, contract service fees, such as those under contracts with clinical monitors, data management organizations and investigators in conjunction with clinical trials, fees to contract manufacturers in conjunction with the production of clinical materials, and fees for marketing and other commercialization

activities. Pursuant to our assessment of the services that have been performed on clinical trials and other contracts, we recognize these expenses as the services are provided. Our assessments include, but are not limited to: (1) an evaluation by the project manager of the work that has been completed during the period, (2) measurement of progress prepared internally and/or provided by the third-party service provider, (3) analyses of data that justify the progress, and (4) management’s judgment. In the event that we do not identify certain costs that have begun to be incurred or we under- or over-estimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, our reported expenses for such period would be too low or too high.

 

Stock-based compensation

 

We adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123(R), Share Based Payment, (SFAS 123(R)) on January 1, 2006 using the modified prospective transition method of implementation and adopted the accelerated attribution method. Prior to January 1, 2006 we followed APB Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees (APB 25), and related interpretations, in accounting for our stock-based compensation plans, rather than the alternative fair value accounting method provided for under SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation.

 

We currently use the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using an option pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Expected volatility rates are based on historical volatility of the common stock of comparable entities and other factors due to the lack of historic information of our publicly traded common stock. The expected term of options granted is based on the transition approach provided by Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 107 as the options meet the “plain vanilla” criteria required by this method. The risk-free interest rates are based on the U.S. Treasury yield for a period consistent with the expected term of the option in effect at the time of the grant. We have not paid dividends to our stockholders since our inception and do not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. The stock-based compensation expense for a period is also affected by expected forfeiture rate for the respective option grants. If our estimates of the fair value of these equity instruments or expected forfeitures are too high or too low, it would have the effect of overstating or understating expenses.

 

Total stock-based compensation expense, related to all of the Company’s stock-based awards, recognized under SFAS 123(R) during the three and six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008 was comprised of the following:

 

 

Recent accounting pronouncements

 

In May 2009, the FASB issued Statement No. 165, “Subsequent Events” (SFAS 165). SFAS 165 establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. Corporate financial statements are considered issued when they are widely distributed to shareholders and other financial statement users for “general use and reliance” in a form and format that complies with GAAP. Financial statements are considered available to be issued when they are in a form and format that complies with GAAP. SFAS 165 provides that companies should recognize in the financial statements the effects of all subsequent events that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements. The implementation of this new standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.